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The commander: The importance of the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage, and strictness.

Earth: This comprises great distances and the variability of terrain.

Heaven: The changeability of the environment, e.g., the seasons, times of day, and the weather.

Moral law: That which inspires the population to be in complete agreement with their leader, willing to follow them under any circumstances.

Tzu argues that warfare is governed by five constant factors: War is essential to the governance of the state.

Consequently, The Art of War has had a significant impact on both Eastern and Western military thinking, which continues to this day. Although he writes in short, succinct sentences, the brevity of his words always contain a depth of meaning.

The book has 13 chapters, each assigned to a particular aspect of war and strategy. He then put his philosophy to paper and wrote The Art of War for the King of Wu.

After being made a general, Tzu demonstrated the effectiveness of his philosophy by leading an army and winning an impressive battle in the Ch’u state.